Дискриминация по расе и полу в физике?
Aug. 13th, 2016 02:18 pmЭнн Нелсон, профессор физики в Сиэтле, написала следующее письмо в Physics Today и вывесила его в Фейсбук:
"No Diversity Accountability in Physics
Many leading physics departments have no faculty who are members of any underrepresented minority group. My own department has never had an African American tenure track faculty member. This state of affairs is taken for granted, but should be regarded as shameful.
When I took my first tenure track position, at Stanford University in the late 80's, not only was I the first tenure track woman hired at Stanford in Physics, Applied Physics or SLAC (Stanford National Accelerator Laboratory), but my appointment (granted to the department “for free” by the Stanford administration to increase diversity in the physics department) immediately made the percentage of female physics faculty at Stanford well above the national average. At that time, having no women in a physics department was viewed as normal.
As a woman in physics, frequently I get asked "why are there so few women in physics?" The fact that anyone would ask me this question shows how oblivious many physicists are to the sexism and bias that permeates our society and physics culture1,2. I might not be the right person to ask, because here I am, Professor of Physics at the University of Washington, a leading research university. Therefore I can tell you why there are women like me in physics. Because we love math, and nature. Because we like the flow of doing computations, figuring things out, step by systematic step. We love the flashes of insight and understanding, and the excitement of new data revealing previously unknown aspects of nature. We are grateful for the privilege of doing work that can bring us breathtaking moments of awe. Also, because along the way, we had support, mentors, encouragement, opportunities and friendly colleagues, who gave us something to focus on other than the bad experiences, negative attitudes and discouraging statements. However, there are still very few of us throughout the country. Many other aspiring female physicists have been less fortunate. There are lots of great articles, filled with anecdotes about the obstacles women scientists face3,4,5 .These articles are long and filled with infuriating stories. I don't know if most of my colleagues have ever read these and I rather doubt it. Even when they do read the studies addressing gender issues, white men typically devalue them6. My impression is that many physicists think the issue is complicated, and likely has nothing to do with them. It seems it is a “not my fault” syndrome. Publications on the topic of bias often use the word "subtle" for effects that are obvious to those who experience them6.
Black Americans, Native Americans, and Latinx/Hispanic Americans are particularly underrepresented in physics, even more so than White and Asian American women. The underrepresentation is even more egregious for Black, Native and Latina women. We physicists love data, and the numbers are shocking7,8,9,10,11,12. The reasons for underrepresentation are complex, but not subtle13. A successful career in science, physics in particular, is a very difficult achievement, and requires opportunities, abilities and interests to align, and many pitfalls to be avoided. The effects of any impediments are magnified for minorities. A single conversation, setback, or harassment incident without support mechanisms in place can be inordinately discouraging and damaging, and every minority physicist I know has received multiple such wounds. The problem is entangled with class, early education, culture, and history. But simply dismissing the problem as difficult, throwing a few programs at it, and hoping for gradual long term progress is a copout, and has been a major failure to date. Despite several excellent programs and the publicly avowed desire by many to increase diversity in physics, the percentages of many underrepresented groups in physics are increasing excruciatingly slowly or not at all. The percentage of Black American Ph.D.s in physics is actually decreasing7,8,9,10,11,12. Even though a similar percentage of Black incoming undergraduates express interest in physics as members of other groups, Black Americans are underrepresented relative to white Americans by a factor of 8.5 at the physics PhD degree level12.
So what is to be done? Addressing the covert and overt racism and unwelcoming culture prevalent in most physics departments is a great place to start. Often I hear physicists say they don't see race, sex, or discrimination, and only are concerned with scientific merit, but problems are not difficult to notice if you pay attention. Blatant examples of hostility and discrimination are frequent2. Slightly ambiguous examples are even more numerous13. When I give examples to colleagues, I will hear them say “those are only occasional incidents, and people just have to learn to suck it up about their problems and quit being so sensitive.” Often I am given examples of white male physicists who have also encountered serious difficulties— a way to push the blame away. I have been told that more subtle examples of poor treatment are due to individual characteristics of the victim- for instance if only a woman dressed or presented herself differently she would not be harassed, or that someone has just not accomplished enough or has a difficult attitude, as if that would be any justification for disrespecting someone.
In our culture, not being biased does not come naturally. Implicit bias is prevalent even among members of underrepresented groups. For instance, you have biases and privileges, and you may be unaware of many of them. A famous example of evidence for unconscious bias occurs in orchestra auditions. When such auditions are done “blind”, so that decisions are made without being aware of gender, 50% more women are selected14.
It is, however, not enough for each of us to be supportive and to strive to overcome our collective unconscious racism. Members of underrepresented groups often justifiably feel tremendous anxiety and lack of confidence. They can feel alienated by the hostile and competitive culture of science and academia, the lack of praise and encouragement, disparaging comments and harassment, and the absence of control over the perceptions of others. As a result of the lack of diversity in physics, most physics departments lack any faculty members who have the sensitivity and knowledge to tend to the needs of students who experience the effects of racism and discrimination in any form11.
I have seen first hand, when I was a faculty member at Stanford University in the late 80's, how the presence of even one Black faculty member who is an effective mentor can foster a supportive community which can make a huge difference15,16,17. While Art Walker was Professor there, Stanford University produced over 40 Black Ph.D. physicists, far more than any other leading research university. (Art Walker was also the Ph.D. advisor of Sally Ride, the first female astronaut). Similarly, the presence of James Young on the MIT physics faculty was critical for fostering a climate at MIT that allowed for the success of many Black Ph.D. students, including Shirley Ann Jackson (MIT’s first Black female Ph.D, second American Black woman to earn a physics Ph.D, President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and numerous other distinctions) and Sylvester James Gates (Distinguished University Professor and Regents Professor at the University of Maryland, first Black physicist to hold an endowed chair in Physics, and member of the National Academy of Sciences)18 .
I have heard many times that the lack of diversity in faculty hiring is entirely a pipeline issue, however there is a good deal of data and anecdotes showing otherwise2,13,19,20. The attrition rate for minority PhD’s is horrendous, even among those who have received PhD’s from top ranked Physics departments. In multiple Physics departments I have witnessed tremendous attachment to the idea that faculty hiring should be and is an exercise in evaluating scientific merit according to objective criteria. The fact that some candidates have to meet these criteria while contending with bias, hostility, and barriers is generally viewed as a secondary consideration, as is the ability of a candidate to improve the departmental environment for underrepresented minorities. A frequently used measure of objectivity that is actually discriminatory is for faculty members to call their friends at other universities and ask their opinion. The old boys network —people hiring according to the recommendations of their friends— still flourishes. It is well documented that people feel more comfortable with and rate more highly those who are like them21. The fact that university administrations typically apply pressure to diversify the short lists is viewed by many faculty with cynicism and causes apparent "diversity" candidates to have to contend with additional scrutiny of their scientific abilities. If we truly care we must go beyond our standard operating mode and place a much higher priority on the ability of faculty members to mentor members of underrepresented groups and to foster an inclusive physics culture. In order to do this we must change our attitude about race, objectivity, and diversity in our hiring decisions, and hold our colleagues accountable to do the same.
To be clear, if your career is established and you are not making an explicit, strenuous and continual effort to encourage, mentor and support all young physicists, to create a welcoming climate in your department, and to promote the hiring of diverse faculty members, you are part of the problem. This is a critical issue of civil rights in our field. Albert Einstein was an activist on the issue of racism, and is an excellent example to all that no matter how great a physicist you might be, or what obstacles you personally have overcome, you have not earned the privilege of ignoring our diversity problem as an issue for others to address22,23. Beside offering encouragement, collaboration, mentorship, you should be making sure there is racial diversity as well as gender diversity on speakers' lists, important committees, and job short lists, and that increasing diversity is a high priority for all faculty hiring. You should be doing these things both because lack of inclusion is unfair, and because it does not maximally exploit the talents of a great humanity.
If you doubt you have any bias, I invite you to take a project implicit test here: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html
See the response of Neil deGrasse Tyson to the question “What’s up with Chicks in Physics” https://mic.com/…/neil-degrasse-tyson-sum-up-exactly-why-th….
scholarworks.uvm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi…
http://www.nytimes.com/…/why-are-there-still-so-few-women-i…
https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201511/backpage.cfm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629390/
http://www.onlineuniversities.com/…/10-startling-stats-abo…/
http://www.nsf.gov/statist…/…/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab2-8.pdf
http://www.aps.org/p…/education/statistics/degreesbyrace.cfm
http://www.aps.org/…/u…/140609_PercentDegreesMinorities.xlsx
https://www.aip.org/…/sta…/faculty/africanhisp-fac-pa-12.pdf
Czujko, Roman, and Starr Nicholson. "African Americans among Degree Recipients in Physics and Geoscience. Focus On." Statistical Research Center of the American Institute of Physics (2010).
www.lpfi.org/…/perceived_barriers_to_stem_higher_education_…
https://www.theguardian.com/…/blind-auditions-orchestras-ge….
https://web.stanford.edu/…/pe…/faculty/walker_ii_arthur.html
http://www.nytimes.com/…/arthur-walker-64-scientist-and-men…
http://web.stanford.edu/…/news/pr/01/blackphysicists328.html
http://mitblackhistory.blogspot.com/…/pioneering-physicist-…
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK36368/
https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200205/backpage.cfm
https://wiseli.engr.wisc.edu/docs/BiasBrochure_3rdEd.pdf
http://news.harvard.edu/…/albert-einstein-civil-rights-act…/
http://www.onbeing.org/…/albert-einstein-the-negro-question…
Я с Энн лично незнаком, но слышал немного про ее работы, и знаю, что она профессионал высокого класса. С другой стороны, этот текст довольно типичен для тех, кто считает, что расовый и гендерный дисбаланс в науках объясняется дикриминацией. Я с этим текстом совершенно не согласен и считаю эту точку зрения очень вредной для науки вообще и физики в частности. Мне лень разбирать по пунктам, но, грубо говоря, мне очевидно, что основная проблема именно pipeline (недостаточное количество меньшинств, идущих в науку), а не дискриминация профессорами кандидатов неправильной расы или пола. Например, за всю свою академическую карьеру я ни разу не видел студента-физика, принадлежащего к "коренным народам Северной Америки или тихоокеанских островов". Также я ни разу не видел среди студенток-физиков ни одной черной женщины. С другой стороны, я видел диспропорционально много студентов из Кореи и России, но не припомню студентов из Индонезии. Студентов из Бразилии тоже намного меньше, чем из России, хотя по размеру населения эти страны сравнимы. Совершенно ясно, что (1) культурные факторы играют огромную роль в том, насколько люди интересуются наукой и насколько успешны в ее изучении; (2) дискриминация и отбор "себе подобных", если они и существуют, никак не объясняют факты дисбаланса. Поэтому я не считаю имеющийся гендерный и расовый дисбаланс в физике "позорным". Он не более позорен, чем расовый дисбаланс среди профессиональных баскетболистов, или гендерный дисбаланс среди медсестер (кстати, обе профессии в США весьма высокооплачиваемы).
Кстати, я прошел один из тестов, на которые дала ссылку Энн. А именно, тест на расовый bias. Выяснил, что у меня "небольшое предпочтение к черной расе перед белой". И что теперь? Да ничего.
(no subject)
Date: 2016-08-13 09:52 pm (UTC)Я вот ткнул на первую ссылку под текстом Энн Нелсон: http://www.upworthy.com/neil-degrasse-tyson-reveals-that-hes-been-black-his-whole-life-hilarity-and-wisdom-follow (там трехминутное видео); это культурные факторы? дискриминация? позорно или нет?
(no subject)
Date: 2016-08-13 10:40 pm (UTC)(2) Эту речь Нила ДеГрасса Тайсона я уже раньше слышал и нашел неубедительной. В ней нет никаких примеров, где ему препятствовали бы заниматься астрономией из-за его расы. Расизм в американском обществе, конечно, есть, но он не зависит от того, хочет ли юный афроамерканец играть в баскетбол, или изучать черные дыры. Мне представляется совершенно фантастическим предположение, что в физике расизма в разы больше,чем в спорте, и что именно это определяет разницу в количестве черных в баскетболе и в физике. Я также не верю, что мизогиния у физиков в разы больше, чем у врачей, и именно этим объясняется разница между количеством женщин в физике и медицине. Нет абсолютно никаких указаний на это.
(no subject)
Date: 2016-08-13 10:57 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2016-08-13 11:13 pm (UTC)(2) Что там говорят учителя в школе я точно не знаю, но очень, очень сомневаюсь, что кто-то из них сейчас или 10-20 лет назад убеждает девочек не заниматься наукой. Последние четверть века гигантские усилия в США были потрачены на то, чтобы привлечь женщин в науки и медицину. Все учебники и научно-популярные книги для детей контролируются на предмет гендерного баланса, всем учителям в процессе подготовки вдалбливают необходимость говорить девочкам, что они могут делать все то же, что и мальчики. Результаты этого сильно варьируются в зависимости от области человеческой деятельности: в медицине достигнуто примерное равенство, в физике не изменилось практически ничего. Энн считает, что дело в глубоко укоренившихся предрассудках и фактически предлагает нам "разоблачиться перед партией". Я не считаю, что среди физиков больше мизогинистов, чем среди врачей, и следовательно не считаю, что физикам надо как то менять свои критерии отбора кандидатов на профессорские должности.
(no subject)
Date: 2016-08-14 11:16 pm (UTC)(2) Не обязательно "убеждать не заниматься", можно просто это не поощрять. Почему все маленькие девочки ходят в розовом? Вот такой у нас культурный фон; вряд ли найдется много детсадовских воспитателей, которые "убеждают" девочек не ходить в синем. Я это к тому, что легко могу поверить Тайсону в том, что ему приходилось идти "против стереотипа" и это не всегда было легко.
(В скобках замечу, кстати, что рис. 1 в статье, ссылку на которую Вы дали в следующей записи, https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201511/backpage.cfm я бы не описал словами "в физике не изменилось практически ничего". За "последние четверть века", может, и не очень много, но за последние полвека -- очень даже.)
(no subject)
Date: 2016-08-14 11:39 pm (UTC)(2) Не вижу особой разницы. Все американские учителя прекрасно знают (их этому учат), что надо поощрять интерес детей к наукам, независимо от их расы или пола. И это замечательно. А вот если родители считают, что их дочке лучше учиться на врача, а не на физика, то почему я должен считать это проблемой? Это их ребенок, в конце концов. Аналогично, когда индийские родители подталкивают своих детей идти в программирование или electric engineering, а не в физику (я неоднократно читал письма кандидатов в аспиранты из Индии, которые рассказывали, как давили на них родители), , я не считаю это позорным состоянием дел. Просто такая культурная особенность. А розовые платья ничем не хуже голубых.
(no subject)
Date: 2016-08-14 01:53 pm (UTC)